オンラインジャーナリズムについて(英文)
今日(12月6日)のプレゼンの原稿。今んトコは英語ですが、そのうち日本語でも書くかも知れませぬ。タイトルは「Online journalism: Look though 2-3 prominent online knows websites and use this as a basis for discussion about the future of journalism. Is journalism online different from print/broadcast journalism? If so, how and why? 」英語に関してはアテにならんので、其処んトコ宜しくです。では始まり。Today I will talk about online journalism.As you know, the development of online journalism has changed the circumstance of traditional journalism.Therefore, this progress should not been ignored.Then, I will examine “what online journalism is,” ”Deference between online and offline within Newspaper,” ”Deference between online and offline in general,” and ”Future journalism”------------What is online Journalism?First of all, let’s examine what online journalism is?I show 4 types of online news sites.First one is Website organized by traditional journalism.As you know many traditional news organization like TV, radio, newspaper corporation have their own site, such as Guardian, FT.com, BBC, CNN,….Second one is search engine’s news.Famous search engine like Yahoo! and google supply news, now.However this is almost same as first one, because such kinds of news sites depend on traditional news organizations. Third one is online-based news siteananova.com, apbonline,…They are quite new style.Recently, Japanese web site also started same one.Forth one is weblog.For example, the Guardian weblog and so on.Now, web log don’t regard as journalism.However, last US election, blogger played an active part.It was Technorati to contribute it.Technorati is a system to gather information of weblog and create database immediately.If you become member of this, and make ‘watch list’, and register your address,You will be informed when someone link your weblog.The big difference between Technorati and search engine is ‘speed’Google can notice new comment on weblog, it takes at least half of day, or one month later. However, if you register Technorati, you can notice others’ comment on your weblog after a few minitutes they write.Therefore, real time discussion is possible. In US election, Technorati can make examine public opinion of bloggers.Judged by this, citizen could divide blogs into pro-Democratic Party and pro-Republican party.It affected people’s behavior.Besides, I heard that Republican Party invited famous blogger into the Party meeting to inform the party’s opinion.And by Technorati, bloggers have checked whether newspaper article is facts or not in real time.If contents of article have mistakes, immediately bloggers point out them.Then journalist can notice their mistakes by using Technorati, and amend their mistakes soon.It may make article higher quality.Through this explanation, I can say that weblog also has possibility to be proper journalism.--------------------------------Deference between online and offline within NewspaperNext, I’ll compare with online and offline newspaper.I focus on 2 points; revenue and content of article.[Revenue]Firstly, about ‘revenue’.Traditionally, newspaper’s revenue has based on subscription and advertisement.But actually it depends on income from advertising.Income of subscription offsets distributing to shops.On the other hand, online newspaper can cut the cost to distribute.Therefore offline newspaper looks economics.Besides, core online audience is almost same as newspaper readership younger or richer.In addition, online advertisement is progressing.In 1997, less than 1 billion dollars (Internet Advisement Bureau)In 1998, 2 billion dollars (Internet Advisement Bureau)In 1999, 10 billion dollars (Internet Services Providers)In 2000, 20 billion dollars (Internet Services Providers)However, in online world, there is harder competition.They must compete with ‘Other newspaper, Different media’, Specialist news’ and ’News recourse’.(1) Other newspaper In the internet, they don’t worry about geographical location to distribute copies.As a result, local newspaper has been forced to compete with national newspaper, and national newspaper must compete with foreign ‘Brand’ newspaper.(2) Different mediaNot only newspaper but also other media, such as radio or TV become competitors.Especially brand media, like CNN and BBC, is threat for newspaper.(3) Specialist newsSpecialists don’t have to invest in printing and distribution.It becomes easier to entry.(4) News recourseNews recourse doesn’t intermediary to reach the public.They flee from “conventional media value and restriction” For instance, NASA started this service, because they want to cut cost and show unfiltered report. In such severe completion, online newspaper must survive by achieving the advertiser’s trust.This is first difference.[Contents of article]Next, look at the difference of contents in articles.Traditionally, quality newspapers try to reflect the advertisers’ opinion.Advertisers care about quality of readership.“Character is more important than number” (Curran and Seaton, 2003)As a result, in order to meet rich people’s demands, newspaper motivated to be higher quality.On the other hand, online news changed this situation.[News type: News interest of online news consumers in 1999 in US] by SparksWeather 63Technology 59Business 58Sports 47International 47Science 43Health 46Political 43Local 42Political issue is not popular, while front page of newspaper is occupied by political news.What is worth, for advertisers, clear index of attention is the number of access?Therefore, impact of online newspaper may create the danger thatnot only audience miss out important news, but also that newspaper didn’t care significant but less popular news.-----------------------Deference between online and offline in generalThen, next, let me explain the general difference between online and traditional journalism.As I explained, there are several kinds of online journalism, for example web log.Among them, there are news sites who acquire absolute freedom from governments, social pressure or even advertisers.Or, we can access information source directly without journalist’ filter.Thanks to these, we can read free and various points of view to understand news.However such ‘freedom’ and ‘variety’ may have problems.Freedom may be likely to lose reliability.As for web log, it is free, but without check by editors, they can show opinion.Even if they mistakes, they don’t have to feel responsibility.And ‘variety’ may tend to confuse audience.From the whole world, we can gather information.Therefore, it is difficult to judge which news is important.As I pointed out before, it can lead to danger of overlook of political significant news. Conclusion -Future journalism-Povilk said, “To foresee the future of new media technique is ‘Art’ rather than ‘Science’.”Well, I also think it is difficult to guess how online journalism develops in the future.However I can say online journalism will be able to develop better, as Technorati attracted attention at this time US election.Nevertheless, I believe offline journalism should continue at the same time.Because of these 2 reasons.Firstly, there are more people who cannot use Internet than users.Besides, many non-internet users are social week group, such as the poor. Secondly, traditional media can contribute to stop ‘personalization’ and keep paying attention to important news.It will be danger to collapse of democracy, because citizen cannot make right decision by lack of information.Therefore, coexistence as competitors might be ideal future.My explanation is over.Thank you for listening.------------------Discussing questionDo you think online journalism should take the place of offline journalism?--------------------BibliographyCurran, J and Seaton, J. (2003), Power without responsibility: the Press and Broadcasting in Britain (6th edition). London: Rutledge.Curran, J and Seaton, J. (2003), Power without responsibility: the Press and Broadcasting in Britain (6th edition). London: Rutledge.McNair, B. (2001), News and journalism in the UK (4th edition). London: RutledgeLister, M. et al. (2003), New Media: A critical introduction: London Rutledge.Lichtenberg, J. (2000), “In defense of objectivity revisited”, in Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M (ed) Mass media and society 3rd edition, New York: Arnold pp238-254Sparks, C. (2000), “From dead trees to lice wires: The Internet’s Challenge to the Traditional Newspaper”, in Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M (ed) Mass media and society 3rd edition, New York: Arnold pp268-294テクノラティに関してはこちらを参照しました。「ブログを変えるテクノラティの衝撃 2004年 10月 28日」『ネットは新聞を殺すのかblog』ちなみにこんなの。日本でも近々な感じですが、新聞やGoogle、Yahoo!のニュースには載ってないですね、今んトコ。